Vet Info-H Vol 11 • No. 4 • Sep–Dec 2023 Dedicated to Veter inar ians Himalaya's Comprehensive Magazine on Animal Health Scan to read the e-version of Vet Info-H Share your experience and get featured (see Page 18).
2 Vet Info-H • Sep–Dec 2023 • Vol 11 • No. 4 Copyright © 2023 Himalaya Wellness Company All content in this journal/publication is the property of Himalaya Wellness Company and is protected by Indian and international copyright laws. Any other use, including the reproduction, modification, distribution, transmission, republication, display or performance, of the content in this journal/publication, without written permission from the owner, is strictly prohibited. For permission to reproduce articles/information published in this journal/publication, please write to publications@himalayawellness.com Dear Doctor, Please scan the QR code or visit the link below to subscribe to Vet Info-H. SUBSCRIPTION NATURE’S SECRET Azadirachta indica RESEARCH AT HIMALAYA Effect of HimFlora Supplementation on the Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken BREED PROFILE • Hallikar • Belgian Sheepdog RESEARCH AT HIMALAYA Assessment of Anti-inflammatory, Anti-arthritic, and Analgesic Properties of Mobility Plus Tablet 3 6 10 WILDLIFE CORNER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 KillerWhales: Friends or Foes? VET'S CONCERN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Calf Diarrhea VET IN ACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Dr Meghana Pemmaiah In This Issue Editorial Dear Reader, We are pleased to present to you the latest issue of Vet Info-H comprising an interesting collection of articles covering the latest trends and updates in the animal health industry. Hallikar, a South Indian cattle breed, is known for its draft capacity. The key characteristics of this cattle breed are featured in the Breed Profile section. Excerpts of the studies that prove the efficacy of HimFlora supplementation on the growth performance of broiler chicken, and the anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, and analgesic effects of Mobility Plus on dogs with arthritis, hip dysplasia, and pain are featured in the Research at Himalaya section. Calf diarrhea or colibacillosis, an acute microbial infection that occurs in calves, is responsible for huge economic loss in the animal health industry. Read about this microbial infection in the Vet’s Concern section. A collation of trending news from the animal health industry and much more are also part of this issue. We continue to receive interesting responses to the Vet in Action contest from across India. In this issue, we have featured Dr Meghana Pemmaiah’s inspirational experience. Share your veterinary clinical experience with us and stand a chance to get featured in the forthcoming issues of Vet Info-H. See page 18 for more details. We eagerly look forward to your views and suggestions on this issue of Vet Info-H. Please write to publications@himalayawellness.com — Editor https://tinyurl.com/VetInfoHSubscriptionForm 8
Vet Info-H • Sep–Dec 2023 • Vol 11 • No. 4 3 Tear along the perforation Azadirachta indica Sanskrit name: Nimba English name: Neem
4 Vet Info-H • Sep–Dec 2023 • Vol 11 • No. 4 Environmental Benefits of A indica1 Pharmacology Habitat Azadirachta indica is a fast-growing, evergreen tree that grows to a height of 20 to 23 m. The tree trunk is straight with whitish-gray to reddish-brown, fissured bark. The leaves are alternate, compound, and imparipinnate. The flowers are white and borne in axillary clusters. The fruits are olive-like, smooth, green drupes that appear oval to roughly roundish.1,2 Morphology A indica leaves are a rich source of various types of bioactive compounds. The most important phytoconstituent of A indica is azadirachtin. Other compounds of therapeutic importance include nimbolinin, nimbin, nimbidin, nimbidol, nimbandiol, nimbolide, gedunin, salannin, and quercetin.2 Chemical Constituents Nature’s Secret Azadirachta indica A indica is found in abundance in tropical and semitropical regions such as India, Myanmar, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Pakistan.2,3 The leaves, fruits, seeds, flowers, and stem bark of A indica have important roles in disease prevention because they are a rich source of antioxidants. Traditionally, A indica is used in the treatment of acne, leprosy, malaria, chicken pox, and tuberculosis. The leaves, fruits, seeds, flowers, and stem bark of A indica possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, parasiticidal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties.2,3 1. A indica tree releases more oxygen through its high photosynthesis rate. 2. The huge canopies of A indica trees serve as a windbreaker. 3. The wood of A indica is termite resistant and also serves as fuel wood with high calorific value. 4. The water-purifying property of the leaf powder of A indica makes it an effective biosorbent.
Vet Info-H • Sep–Dec 2023 • Vol 11 • No. 4 5 A indica is an ingredient of • Erina® (Coat Cleanser) • Erina®-EP (Dusting Powder, Shampoo) • Erina® Plus (Coat Cleanser With Conditioner) • Scavon® VET (Cream, Spray) • Liv.52® PROTEC (Liquid, Powder) • Geriforte® VET (Liquid, Powder) Antifungal Property A study was conducted to evaluate the antifungal activity of A indica leaves against the fungus strains— Aspergillus flavus, Alternaria solani, and Cladosporium species. Methanolic and ethanolic (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) extracts of the dried leaves of A indica were prepared. The inoculums of the fungal strains were prepared in sabouraud dextrose agar for the disc diffusion assay. Discs loaded with the methanolic and ethanolic extracts of A indica leaves were placed in the petri plates containing the inoculums. The antifungal activity was assessed by measuring the zone of inhibition.4 Results showed inhibition of fungal growth with both methanolic and ethanolic extracts of A indica in a dosedependent manner. Effective inhibition was noticed with the methanolic extract of A indica against A flavus. Thus, the study demonstrated the antifungal activity of A indica leaves.4 Parasicitidal Property A recent study evaluated the parasiticidal activity of A indica leaves against the parasites—Eimeria papillata and Allolobophora caliginosa. Methanolic extract of A indica leaves was prepared using 70% methanol. The anthelmintic property was assessed using 200, 100, and 50 mg/mL of methanolic A indica leaf extract against A caliginosa (5 worms/dose). After paralysis and death of the worms, histological examination was performed. The anticoccidial property was assessed with laboratory mice inoculated with 1 × 105 sporulated oocysts of coccidial murine parasite. Feces samples were collected on day 5 post infection, and oocysts were separated using flotation technique. The unsporulated oocysts (1 × 105) were treated with the methanolic A indica leaf extracts (100, 50, and 25 mg/mL). Sporulation and inhibition percentage of oocysts were evaluated.5 A dose-dependent efficacy of methanolic A indica leaf extract was observed in both the studies. Thus, the study confirmed significant parasiticidal activity of A indica leaves.5 Scientific Evidence Traditional Uses of A indica6 1. The green twigs of A indica were used as toothbrushes for cleaning teeth. 2. The bark, gum, leaf, and seeds of A indica were used to treat snake bites and scorpion stings. 3. The decoction of the leaves of A indica was used to treat ulcers and eczema. 4. A indica seed oil was used to treat rheumatism. References 1. Mehta N, et al. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 2021;10(2):3228–3235. 2. Alzohairy MA. Evid Based Complement Altern Med. 2016;2016:7382506. 3. Asif M. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2012;1(4):78–83. 4. Shrivastava DK, Swarnkar K. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 2014;3(5):305–308. 5. Hawsah MA, et al. Food Sci Technol. 2023;43(2):e117122. 6. Reddy IVS, Neelima P. Int J Econ Plants. 2022;9(1):59–63.
6 Vet Info-H • Sep–Dec 2023 • Vol 11 • No. 4 Hallikar Physical Characteristics They have a white to gray coat. Some animals with a gray coat have irregular white patches around the eyes, cheeks, neck, and shoulders. Some young breeding bulls have dark gray shoulders and hindquarters. The bulls have large humps, are moderately tall, and have a medium-sized body. They have lengthy, upward, and slightly curved horns bent backward. An adult bull weighs about 340 kg, and an adult cow weighs about 227 kg. Reproduction and Lactation The age at first calving ranges from 915 to 1800 days. The average length of lactation is 285 days. A Hallikar cow can produce about 542 kg milk per lactation. The drying off period is around 60 days, and the intercalving cycle is 12 to 14 months. The Hallikar cows are average milk yielders in terms of quantity, but the milk is of good quality, with a 5.7% fat content. Commercial Uses The Hallikar is predominantly a draft cattle breed; for centuries the breed has been used to pull carts and carry goods. These cattle can work in harsh conditions such as flooded paddy fields. Hence, they are known for their endurance and adaptability. As the milk has high fat content, it is used to produce ghee. Besides, there is an increasing demand for this breed in other countries, indicating a potential for export. Sources: Dairy Knowledge Portal. Hallikar. https://www.dairyknowledge.in/. Accessed June 21, 2023. Om Prakruthi Dhama. Hallikar. https://saveindiancows.org/. Accessed June 21, 2023. Roy’s Farm. Hallikar cattle: characteristics, uses & best 28 facts. https://www.roysfarm.com/. Updated April 1, 2023. Accessed June 21, 2023. Breed Profile The Hallikar is a South Indian cattle breed known for its draft capacity. The breeding tract includes the Mysuru, Mandya, Bengaluru, Kolar, Tumakuru, Hassan, and Chitradurga districts of Karnataka (India). Also known as the Mysore breed, the Hallikar is one of the breeds that has trotting ability. Many other South Indian cattle breeds, such as the Amrit Mahal breed, have originated from the Hallikar. Image courtesy: Shivu R, Veterinary Sales Executive, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
Vet Info-H • Sep–Dec 2023 • Vol 11 • No. 4 7 Breed Profile Belgian Sheepdog The Belgian Sheepdog or Belgian Shepherd dog breed was first recognized in 1891. Originally bred to herd sheep, the Belgian Sheepdog is a robust, healthy breed habituated to the open-air life and built to resist the cold Belgian climate. Health and Care While Belgian Sheepdogs have a relatively low maintenance coat, they still need regular grooming. Brushing every couple of days when shedding or once a week when not shedding makes them appear good and feel comfortable. Belgian Sheepdogs are prone to health conditions such as hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, hypothyroidism, von Willebrand’s disease, and thrombopathia. Sources: DogTime. Belgian Sheepdog. https://dogtime.com/dog-breeds/belgiansheepdog#:~:text=Belgian%20Sheepdogs%20are%20alert%2C%20 devoted,quickly%20become%20a%20destructive%20dog. Accessed July 16, 2023. American Kennel CLub. Belgian Sheepdog. https://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/ belgian-sheepdog/. Accessed July 16, 2023. Hill’s Pet Nutrition Inc. Belgian Sheepdog Dog Breed Information and Personality Traits. https://www.hillspet.com/dog-care/dog-breeds/belgiansheepdog. Accessed July 16, 2023. Purina. Belgian Shepherd Dog Malinois. https://www.purina.co.uk/find-apet/dog-breeds/belgian-shepherd-malinois. Accessed July 16, 2023. Physical Characteristics The Belgian Sheepdog is a unique dog breed that has 4 varieties: (1) Malinois (short-coated; red, fawn, or gray); (2) Tervueren (long-haired; fawn, red, or gray); (3) Groenendael (long-haired; black); (4) Laekenois (rarer, rough-coated, and reddish fawn). Basically, they differ in terms of coat and color. The Belgian Sheepdog usually lives for 12 years; however, with the right nutrition, love, care, and attention, it can live up to 15 years. The Belgian Sheepdogs have a medium-sized, well-proportioned, square-shaped body, with a double, mediumsized coat. Female Belgian Sheepdogs weigh about 25 kg and grow up to 56 cm tall, whereas male Belgian Sheepdogs weigh 35 kg and grow up to 66 cm tall. They are energetic, highly sensitive, alert, protective, and affectionate. They need plenty of exercise and regular mental stimulation to keep them active, happy, and alert. They also have strong herding and protection instincts. Belgian Sheepdogs love water and can be a swim companion. Belgian Sheepdogs can be a combination of working dogs and family dogs. They can easily get along with other pets, kids, and family members. They must live with their family rather than being left alone in the house for long periods of time.
8 Vet Info-H • Sep–Dec 2023 • Vol 11 • No. 4 HimFlora® (POWDER) HimFlora is a nonantibiotic growth promoter that acts as a gut protector, digestive stimulant, and performance enhancer for poultry. It is made from multistrain Bacillus probiotics and natural compounds including oleoresins and phytogenic compounds. HimFlora enhances gastrointestinal health in birds and aids in digestion, absorption, and utilization of nutrients, resulting in better performance. Aim To assess the effect of HimFlora on broiler chicken growth performance, ready-to-cook (RTC) weight, and nutrient digestibility Materials and Methods Nine hundred 1-day-old Cobb 430Y broiler chickens were randomly divided into 5 groups (T0, T1, T2, T3, and T4) with 2 replicates of 90 birds each. T0 was raised on regular broiler feed without any antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs). In contrast, T1, T2, T3, and T4 were raised on regular broiler feed and were simultaneously supplemented with enramycin at 100 g, synbiotic formulation with phytoactives (SFP; HimFlora) at 100 and 150 g, and competitor probiotic product (CPP) at 100 g per ton of feed, respectively. The data pertaining to the parameters were collected and were statistically analyzed using Dunnett’s multiple comparison post hoc test and one-way ANOVA using SPSS version 20 for Windows (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA). Results and Discussion Supplementation with HimFlora at 150 g/ton augmented the body weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR), European production efficiency factor (EEF), RTC weight, and nutrient digestibility, with enhanced gut health and overall health of the broiler chicken compared with the results of supplementation with AGPs and CPP (Table). Body weight: Chicken that received HimFlora supplementation at 150 g/ton recorded 12.88% and 2.78% better body weight compared with that in the control and enramycin-supplemented groups, respectively. FCR: Chicken that received feed supplementation with HimFlora at 150 g/ton consumed 23 g and 2 g less feed/unit of body weight gain compared with that in the control and enramycin-supplemented groups, respectively. Relative RTC weight: Chicken that received feed supplementation with HimFlora at 150 g/ton gained 10.23% and 2.31% more RTC weight compared with that in the control and enramycin-supplemented groups, respectively. Conclusion HimFlora can be used safely to improve the growth performance of broiler chicken including their relative RTC weight. HimFlora did not have any adverse effects on the health of the broiler chicken during the feeding trial. Source: Bhagwat VG, et al. J Appl Biol Biotechnol. 2023;X(XX):1–7. Effect of HimFlora® Supplementation on the Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken Table. Effect of HimFlora Supplementation on the Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken Group T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 Livability, % 96.70 96.70 96.20 98.40 95.10 BodyWeight, g 1902 2089 1941 2107 2147 FCR 1.85 1.63 1.63 1.58 1.62 cFCR 1.87 1.61 1.61 1.56 1.59 EEF 284 353 349 374 359 Relative RTCWeight, % 55.89 60.22 59.94 62.55 61.61 The values are represented as mean. cFCR, corrected feed conversion ratio; FCR, feed conversion ratio; EEF: European production efficiency factor; RTC, ready-to-cook. Research at Himalaya
generation synbiotic e next • Better immunity • Bile and acid tolerant • Better villi crypt ratio • Better digestion • Thermostable at 100oC An imbalanced gut leads to production loss... Multi-strain Probiotic Prebiotic from an Herbal Source Phytobiotics
10 Vet Info-H • Sep–Dec 2023 • Vol 11 • No. 4 Research at Himalaya Mobility Plus® (TABLET) Mobility Plus is a unique blend of herbal ingredients that support optimal bone and joint health. The herbs present in Mobility Plus possess anti-inflammatory, chondroprotective, anti-arthritic, and analgesic properties. Assessment of Anti-inflammatory, Anti-arthritic, and Analgesic Properties of Mobility Plus® Tablet Aim To assess the anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, and analgesic effects of Mobility Plus in dogs with arthritis, hip dysplasia, and pain in the joints Materials and Methods In this study, 31 client-owned dogs (of both sex; age range, 5-10 y ) suffering from arthritis, hip dysplasia, and pain in the joints were included. For the initial 6 weeks, the dogs of large breeds were prescribed 2 tablets of Mobility Plus per day, and the dogs of small breeds were prescribed 1 tablet of Mobility Plus per day. After completing the course in 6 weeks, the dogs of large breeds were prescribed 1 tablet of Mobility Plus per day, and the dogs of small breeds were prescribed ½ tablet of Mobility Plus per day, until complete recovery. No other analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory medications were given to these dogs during this treatment. The dogs were evaluated for joint mobility, pain, lameness, and weight-bearing scores. Results After 15 days of treatment with Mobility Plus, there was an improvement in the assessment parameters (ie, joint mobility, pain, lameness, and weight-bearing scores), and they further improved significantly (P < .001) by day 30, 45, and 60, gradually. The overall clinical condition score started to decrease as early as day 15 and significantly (P < .001) decreased by day 30, 45, and 60. However, the complete amelioration of joint mobility, pain, lameness, and weight-bearing ability was observed by day 60 (Table). Table. Effect of Mobility Plus on the Assessment Parameters in Dogs Parameter Initial Day 15 Day 30 Day 45 Day 60 Lameness Score 4.84 ± 0.08 4.48 ± 0.15 a3.90 ± 0.20 a3.71 ± 0.22 a3.35 ± 0.26 Joint Mobility Score 4.55 ± 0.13 4.26 ± 0.15 a3.65 ± 0.21 a3.42 ± 0.22 a3.29 ± 0.25 Pain Score 4.00 ± 0.22 3.81 ± 0.19 a3.16 ± 0.19 a3.00 ± 0.22 a2.81 ± 0.20 WeightBearing Score 3.74 ± 0.25 3.35 ± 0.23 a2.77 ± 0.19 a2.71 ± 0.20 a2.55 ± 0.17 Overall Clinical Condition Score 3.23 ± 0.28 3.00 ± 0.27 a2.52 ± 0.23 a2.45 ± 0.19 a2.19 ± 0.16 Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (N = 31). aP < .001 compared with day 0 based on repeated measures two-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni test. Discussion and Conclusion Mobility Plus, a polyherbal formulation developed by Himalaya Wellness Company, comprises potential herbs such as Zingiber officinale, Persea americana, Glycine max, Ananas comosus, and Commiphora wightii. The study results showed that the improvement in the clinical condition of the dogs is ascribed to the antiinflammatory, anti-arthritic, and analgesic properties of the herbs present in Mobility Plus. Source: Ashwath KC, et al. Indian J Anim Res. August 24, 2021 (doi: 10.18805/IJAR.B-4521).
Anti-arthritic Helps in reducing joint pain. Chondroprotective Suppor ts excessive wear and tear of car tilage. Anti-inflammatory Helps in reducing joint inflammation and pain. Presentation: 60 Tablets Joint and Hip Supplement ® Mobility Plus (TABLET)
12 Vet Info-H • Sep–Dec 2023 • Vol 11 • No. 4 World’s Largest Captive Crocodile Turns 120 Industry News Wild Animals Wandered Farther During COVID-19 Lockdowns The world’s largest crocodile, Cassius, which is living in captivity, has turned 120 years old. It is the estimated age of Cassius, as he was born in the wild and then taken captive. Per scientists, it is difficult to determine a crocodile’s age based on its size. At the juvenile stage, crocodiles usually grow in irregular spurts, with males typically growing bigger than females. Once they reach adulthood, the rate at which they grow slows down, and eventually, they stop growing. In 1984, researchers captured Cassius on a cattle farm southwest of Darwin, Australia, where he was attacking the livestock. He was ferried to Marineland Crocodile Park (Green Island, Australia). At that time, Cassius was estimated to be between 30 and 80 years old, was 5.13 m long, and was the biggest crocodile ever caught alive in Australia. He has been growing and is unusually big. Saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) typically live for more than 70 years, according to the nonprofit conservation organization Oceana. Source: Pare S. World’s largest captive croc turns 120, giving scientists ‘serious knowledge on longevity’. https://www.livescience.com/. Published June 7, 2023. Accessed June 21, 2023. A new GPS study found that during 2020, the restricted human mobility during the COVID-19– induced lockdowns led to rapid changes in the movement behavior of some wild mammals. The dataset analyzed the GPS coordinates of 2300 individual mammals from 43 species, worldwide. The scientists compared the movement behavior of the animals during the initial lockdown period in 2020 and the same time span in 2019. Individual movement and road avoidance behavior varied across species and regions globally. The study revealed several consistent effects. For example, in regions where the COVID-19 lockdown restrictions were stricter, animals traveled on average 73% farther than the previous year. This suggests that most animals in these locations were exploring the landscape more, when the vehicular and human movements were reduced. The brief period of “anthropause” (slowdown of human activity during the pandemic) helped researchers understand the complex ways ecosystems responded to the sudden void of people. The findings throw light on the ability of some animals to explore human-inhabited areas and expand their habitats when human activity reduces, as well as on the lesser-known environmental effect of vehicular activity. Source: Sankaran S. Wild animals roamed much longer distances during covid lockdowns, GPS study finds. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/wildanimals-distance-covid-lockdown-b2355692.html. Published June 12, 2023. Accessed June 21, 2023. Image for representational purposes only.
Vet Info-H • Sep–Dec 2023 • Vol 11 • No. 4 13 Wildlife Corner Killer whales are mammals, closely related to dolphins. The name “killer whale” is a misnomer, and the meaning of its scientific name Orcinus orca is even worse, that is, “the demon from hell”. Because of a name like that, humans have learnt to fear these beautiful creatures. Killer whales or orcas are the most abundant and widely distributed mammals on earth, after humans.1 An important feature is that the brain size of these killer whales is similar to that of humans.2 Evolved about 28 million years ago, killer whales belong to the toothed whales’ (odontocetes) group.3 They maintain a matriarchal society with lifelong close ties between mothers and daughters.4 There is flow of information from mother to daughters and similarly down the line.4 It was observed that after the COVID-19 lockdown was lifted and naval traffic suddenly increased, some killer whales in the Strait of Gibraltar started exhibiting disruptive behavior toward boats, which has raised quite a stir in the media by anthropomorphizing their actions. Killer Whales: Friends or Foes? Romans had reported the presence of killer whales in the Iberian Peninsula in 77 AD. According to reports from 1757, the presence of killer whales has supported increased tuna catch as killer whales help move tuna toward fishing nets. The first report of killer whales attempting to sink a boat was in 2000. Since 2020, there have been 49 incidents about killer whales attacking boats. Apparently, they interact more with sailboats than catamarans, motorboats, or fishing boats. They also interact with spade rudders. It is noticed that interaction of killer whales with sailboats and spade rudders could last from 30 minutes to 2 hours, and this interaction occurs mostly during daytime (especially midafternoon) and, sometimes, at night. Killer whales have been observed to approach stealthily, touch the boats, steer the boats by contacting the rudder, and also stop the boats. Once the boats stop, they get disinterested and move away.5 It has to be noted that none of these incidences have reported attack or casualties to humans.
14 Vet Info-H • Sep–Dec 2023 • Vol 11 • No. 4 We hope you enjoyed reading the new version of Vet Info-H! Your Feedback is Important to Us! Please do share your feedback and suggestions at publications@himalayawellness.com or scan the QR code, fill the feedback form, and submit! Scientists believe that these interactions with boats are in response to either an aversive reaction (to prevent collision), combination of factors like depredation of prey and boat disturbance, or a natural curiosity of these animals. More research is required to understand the exact cause of these interactions and methods to control these interactions without having to remove the already endangered populations from their natural habitat. Killer whales are of 10 types, with 5 ecotypes each in the northern and southern hemispheres. It has been observed that these ecotypes have specialized eating habits. Some northern ecotypes (residents) feed primarily on fish, whereas transients prey on marine mammals and, sometimes, seabirds.1 In the Strait of Gibraltar, the killer whales have been noticed to be residing for centuries, and some studies prove that their main prey is tuna fish.6 A study conducted on 2 groups of 9 whales with 2 matriarch females in each group mentions that killer whales learn most of the characters from their parents, and it is estimated that these can be passed on to the young.5 References 1. Riesch R, et al. Biol J Linn Soc. 2012;106(1):1–17. 2. Klinowska M. Oceanus. 1989;32(1):19–20. 3. Berta A, et al. Curr Biol. 2022;32(8):R375–R377. 4. Würsig B. Intelligence and cognition. 2nd ed. In: Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press; 2009:616–623. 5. Esteban R, et al. Mar Mammal Sci. 2022;38(4):1699–1709. 6. Esteban R, et al. Biol Conserv. 2016;194:31–38.
Vet Info-H • Sep–Dec 2023 • Vol 11 • No. 4 15 Calf Diarrhea Vet's Concern Introduction Calf diarrhea, also known as calf scour or colibacillosis, is a common infectious, acute disease characterized by diarrhea, dehydration, and death, in severe cases, after a brief period. This could be one of the causes for huge economic losses. Calves aged < 3 weeks are most susceptible to mixed infections by enteropathogens. Causes Calf diarrhea is a complex condition with multifactorial etiology, including environmental factors and inappropriate management practices. Many bacteria (eg, K99 + Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, and Clostridium spp), viruses (eg, rotavirus, coronavirus, parvovirus, and BVD virus), and protozoa (eg, Coccidia and Phycomycetes) infect the lumen of the intestine, resulting in decreased nutrient absorption from milk. Calves with low level of serum immunoglobulins due to insufficient colostrum consumption are also most susceptible to such infections. Symptoms Clinical signs of calf diarrhea include a rise in body temperature (up to 105°F) and pulse rate; tachycardia; abdominal distension (fluid-filled) and pain; dehydration; dullness and weakness; restlessness; sunken eyes; rough hair coat; pale mucosa; and wetness around the mouth. Further, the feces become intestinal tract because of yellow watery contents and gas; distension of the abomasum with fluid, with or without milk; small hemorrhages in the abomasal mucosa; and stunted or fused villi in the jejunum and the ileum. Histological findings may show bacterial colonization in the ileum. Treatment Calf diarrhea can be treated by making appropriate changes in the diet; isolating the infected calves; maintaining hygiene in the pens; administering electrolytes, a mixture of isotonic saline, and fluid therapy for preventing dehydration; and treating them with antibiotics (gentamicin), antiprotozoals (metronidazole), antidiarrheals (eg, Diarex Vet Bolus), and antiparasympathomimetics (eg, benzetimide, with antisecretory property), which help protect the lumen from various infective agents. Sources: Chakrabarti A. Textbook of Clinical Veterinary Medicine. 3 ed. Uttar Pradesh, India: Kalyani Publications; 2007:422–427. Sharma RD, et al. Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology. New Delhi, India: Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Publications; 2010:675–683. watery or pasty, usually chalky white to yellow, and often streaked. Also, the calves frequently defecate, which is bloody, mucoid, offensive, and rancid smelling. Soiled tail and buttocks and collapse of superficial veins are also features of calf diarrhea. In severe cases, death may occur due to lactic acidosis, electrolyte imbalance, and dehydration (hypovolemic shock). Diagnosis Calf diarrhea is primarily diagnosed through clinical signs. Fecal samples can be examined for parasitic infestation, either through a culture test or running a PCR. Further, bacteriological examination of fecal samples for the presence of gram-negative enterobacteria can be done through a gram staining test. Postmortem Examination Findings Postmortem examination shows dehydration; distension of the
16 Vet Info-H • Sep–Dec 2023 • Vol 11 • No. 4 The Vet Says... HimFlora® (POWDER) A unique blend of synbiotics with phytoactives for optimum gut health HimFlora is a nonantibiotic growth promoter that acts as a gut protector, digestive stimulant, and performance enhancer for poultry. It is made from multistrain Bacillus probiotics and natural compounds, including oleoresins and phytogenic compounds. Ginger polysaccharides act as prebiotics and help increase colonization of beneficial bacteria. Phytoactives of Ginger and Turmeric possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties and support digestive health and compliment the action of the probiotics present in HimFlora. HimFlora enhances the gastrointestinal health in birds and aids in the digestion, absorption, and utilization of nutrients, resulting in better performance. Ingredients • Zingiber officinale • Curcuma longa oleoresin • Probiotic blend: – Bacillus subtilis – Bacillus pumilus – Bacillus coagulans – Bacillus polymyxa Benefits • Possesses antibacterial action against Escherichia coli and Clostridium organisms • Activates digestive enzymes and thus stimulates digestion • Improves immunity by enhancing the secretion of short-chain fatty acids • Increases the villi:crypt ratio and improves the surface area of absorption • Possesses anti-inflammatory action Inclusion Ratio Broilers 150 g per metric ton of feed from day 1 till slaughter Layers Chicks and Growers 150 g per metric ton of feed from day 1 up to 18th week, continuously During Lay Depending on farm conditions, it can be used continuously or for 10 days in a month Breeders 300 g per metric ton, continuously The gut health of poultry can be improved with the help of supplementation with HimFlora, which will further improve the quality of the droppings (litter) in birds. Veterinary Consultant Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India HimFlora helps in reducing the number of dirty eggs in the layer farm by improving the gut health and by reducing loose droppings in birds. Veterinary Consultant Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India There was an increase in egg production, decreased mortality, and better profitability after supplementing layers with HimFlora. Poultry Farmer Barwala, Haryana, India Brand Information
Vet Info-H • Sep–Dec 2023 • Vol 11 • No. 4 17 For the past 40 years, I have been prescribing Himalaya’s products for animal health, including their new products whenever they are launched. I have been prescribing Mobility Plus to my pet patients and have seen satisfactory results. The pet owners are highly satisfied with the efficacy of Mobility Plus. I am thankful to Himalaya Wellness Company. Dr Basanta Kumar Sahoo Cuttack, Odisha, India I prescribe Mobility Plus Tablet to treat osteoarthritis in elderly dogs and cats. I found very satisfactory results, and there are no side effects of Mobility Plus Tablet even if it is prescribed for a long period. Dr Sandeep Kumar Delhi, India The Vet Says... Brand Information Mobility Plus® (TABLET) Joint and Hip Supplement Benefits • For maintaining optimal bone and joint health in young dogs and cats • For nourishing, maintaining, and supporting the cartilage and the joints • For managing hip and elbow dysplasia • For managing osteoarthritis and joint disorders in senior dogs and cats • For supporting fracture healing and surgeries involving joints Composition Nutritional Claim Per Tablet Calcium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5 mg Phosphorus 8.5 mg Manganese Sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 mg Vitamin E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 IU Vitamin C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 mg Key Ingredients • Avocado Soybean Unsaponifiables (ASU): Chondroprotective • Sunthi (Zingiber officinale): Anti-inflammatory • Ananas (Ananas comosus): Analgesic • Shuddha Guggulu (Commiphora wightii): Anti-arthritic Clinical Pharmacology Mobility Plus has been clinically proven to have the following properties: • Chondroprotective: Helps prevent excessive wear and tear of the cartilage • Anti-arthritic: Helps reduce pain in osteoarthritis and remineralization of bone • Anti-inflammatory: Helps reduce joint inflammation and pain • Analgesic: Helps alleviate pain associated with osteoarthritis Mobility Plus Tablet gives excellent results when prescribed to treat hip dysplasia in senior dogs. Further, there are no side effects of this tablet. Dr Trilok Chand Ajmer, Rajasthan, India Mobility Plus Tablet from Himalaya Wellness Company is an excellent product to treat osteoarthritis and joint disorders in senior dogs and cats. Dr MO. Sakir Khan Pali, Gujarat, India
18 Vet Info-H • Sep–Dec 2023 • Vol 11 • No. 4 Many people know me through my recent experience of rescuing a leopard stuck in a well. But my love for wildlife is not just limited to leopards. Wildlife comprises a long list of mammals, birds, and even reptiles. Among all the rescues, treatments, and releases, a few stories hold a special place in my heart, of which, I would like to share the story of “Princess”, the Bonnet Macaque. I met Princess while I was working in a wildlife rescue center in Bengaluru (Karnataka). Deep in the heart of a concrete jungle, someone had found a creature curled up on the ground, writhing in pain. It was a monkey! Soon after, she was rescued and brought in for treatment. At first glance, I thought she was electrocuted, Dr Meghana Pemmaiah, MVSc (Wildlife Medicine and Surgery) Wildlife Veterinarian Chitte Pili Rescue Centre Mangaluru 575005, Karnataka, India E-mail: meghanapemmaiah@gmail.com The Princess Diaries An instance where her passion for wildlife fueled Dr Meghana’s courage… In a recent rescue mission in Mangaluru (Karnataka), Dr Meghana Pemmaiah volunteered to sit inside a cage and enter a 25-feet well to save a leopardess who was stuck there for 36 hours. The leopardess was growling due to starvation and dehydration. Upon spotting the leopardess cuddled in a cave-like portion of the well, Dr Meghana quickly loaded the sedative and darted her. After 15 minutes when the leopardess fell unconscious, she was shifted into the cage and lifted. The leopardess was then revived and let into the forest. which is a very common occurrence in cities due to rapid urbanization. But on thorough examination and after obtaining a proper history from locals, it was confirmed that she was a victim of a fire accident. As heart breaking as it was to look at her, we couldn’t just get carried away in that emotion. We restrained her gently; gave her pain medications, antibiotics, and fluids; and let her rest for a few hours. Once she seemed stable, we got to the more difficult and painful part of the procedure—wound care. This included slow debridement of the wounds and application of medication all over the body. Unfortunately, this was not a one-time thing. We had to do this on a daily basis. Initially, she would resist and try to attack with all that she had, not knowing what was happening around. But slowly, we gained her trust. In a few days, she stopped resisting the treatment, but she never lost her wild attitude. Once in a while, she would let us know in her own way that she is still a wild animal, and that we shouldn’t let our guard down. After a painful fortnight, she regained her strength and began to recover well. We then slowly Dr Meghana Pemmaiah Treating Princess Winner!
Vet Info-H • Sep–Dec 2023 • Vol 11 • No. 4 19 Terms and Conditions • Submit the photograph(s) in .jpeg format, in portrait or landscape orientation, and with a minimum resolution of 300 dpi. • Provide a catchy caption for your photograph(s). • Send across your photograph(s) via e-mail to publications@himalayawellness.com, with“Vet in Action” as the subject line of your e-mail. • In the e-mail, include the caption for the photograph(s) and a brief description of the case. • The best entries will be featured in the forthcoming issues of this magazine. • The photograph(s) you submit will be the property of Himalaya Wellness Company. The participants should be aware that HimalayaWellness Company reserves the right to publish the photograph(s) in Vet Info-H. Dear Doctor, share with us some candid pictures of you in action as a veterinarian, along with a brief about that experience. The best photographs and stories will be featured in the forthcoming issues of Vet Info-H! Editor: Dr Jayashree B Keshav • Editorial Team: Shruthi VB, Shruthi VK, Harika GS, Shruthi M, Priyakshi M, Keerthini D, Harshitha C • Layout Artists: Dayananda RS, Santosh G, Monesh NP Animal Health Team: Dr Zafar Ahmad, Dr Devojit Das, Dr Ashish Chauhan, Dr Percy Avari, Mr Lenson Dsouza, Dr Naveen Kumar Verma, Dr Nisar Ahmad, Pavithra A Joe loved golf, but his eyesight had gotten so bad that he couldn’t find the ball once he’d hit it. He spoke to his wife about his problem, and she recommended that Joe should take her uncle Ted along. Joe said, “But Ted is 80 years old and half senile!” His wife replied, “Yes, but his eyesight is incredible.” Joe finally agreed and took Ted along. Joe teed off and could feel that he had hit it solidly. He asked Ted, “Do you see it?” Ted nodded his head and said, “Boy, that was a beautiful shot!” Joe excitedly asked, “Well, where did it land?!” Ted said, “Hmmm, I forgot!” ••• Laughter, The Best Medicine The teacher didn't hit me, but I sure made her want to. Princess Before and After the Treatment introduced her to a few other recovering and orphaned macaques. She was very quick to make friends with them. She quite literally lived up to her name, Princess. She was humble and generous to her kind. Weeks later, when she completely recovered, she was released back into the wild with her new friends and family. Sending the rescued animals back home to where they belong, all healthy and happy, is what gives me that night’s peaceful sleep.
Only for reference by a registered veterinary practitioner, hospital, or laboratory Printed and Published by: Dr Jayashree B Keshav on behalf of Himalaya Wellness Company Printed at: M/s Sri Sudhindra Offset Process, #97, DT Street, 8th Cross, Malleshwaram, Bengaluru 560003 Published from: Himalaya Wellness Company, Makali, Bengaluru 562162 Editor: Dr Jayashree B Keshav In line with our commitment toward a green future, Vet Info-H is printed with VOC-free, vegetable-based inks on eco-friendly paper made from sustainable sources. ® Regd. Trademark TM Trademark
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