T h e r a p e u t i c I n d e x 41 Pharmacological Actions of Principal Ingredients 1. Antilithiatic and lithotriptic actions: Tribulus terrestris, Dolichos biflorus, and Asparagus racemosus prevent the deposition, accumulation, and supersaturation of calculogenic chemicals in urine. Aspartic and glutamic acids, a group of amino acid compounds derived from Boerhaavia diffusa, are the possible agents for dissolving calcium oxalate calculi in the kidneys. The extracts of Tribulus terrestris and Saxifraga ligulata show a potential inhibitory effect on the growth of urinary type calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (CHPD) crystals, and thus act as lithotriptics. 2. pH-renormalizing action: Asparagus racemosus, Vetiveria zizanioides, Narasara, and Saindhava provide cooling action in the urinary system and relieve burning micturition by renormalizing the urinary pH. 3. Diuretic action: Cystone syrup flushes out small stones and gravel due to the potent diuretic action of Tribulus terrestris, Curcuma zedoaria, Boerhaavia diffusa, Dolichos biflorus, and Yavakshara. 4. Antimicrobial action: Cystone syrup provides broad-spectrum antimicrobial action due to the antimicrobial action of Tribulus terrestris, Curcuma zedoaria, and Asparagus racemosus against common urinary pathogens responsible for recurrent UTI. 5. Anti-adherent action: The polyphenols present in Cystone syrup are known to act as natural anti-adhesion components responsible for preventing the adhesion of Escherichia coli to the uroepithelium. This helps in the natural evacuation of Escherichia coli along with the urine flow. 6. Anti-inflammatory action: Cyperus rotundus and Boerhaavia diffusa have anti-inflammatory action that helps to reduce inflammatory changes in the mucosa of the urinary tract, as seen commonly in UTI. 7. Spasmolytic action: Yavakshara, Boerhaavia diffusa, and Suvarchika have antispasmodic action and thus provide great relief in dysuria. 8. Antioxidant action: Boerhaavia diffusa and Asparagus racemosus are strong antioxidant agents that prevent free radical damage to the urinary tract. 9. Bioavailability-enhancing property: Trikatu, an Ayurvedic formulation comprising a 1:1:1 ratio of the dried fruits of Piper nigrum, Piper longum, and the dried rhizomes of Zingiber officinale, is widely used to enhance the bioavailability of drugs. Piperine from Piper nigrum is absorbed rapidly across the intestinal barrier, and acts as an apolar molecule that forms an apolar complex with drugs and solutes. This modulates membrane dynamics due to its easy partitioning, thus helping in efficient permeability across the barriers, and these membrane modulations help in better bioavailability of nutrients and medications. Cystone® (syrup)
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