T h e r a p e u t i c I n d e x 156 cascade preferentially. Withanolides isolated from Withania somnifera inhibit acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes. Acorus calamus is a cholinesterase inhibitor, beneficial in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. 6. Dopaminergic-neuroprotective action: Unlike synthetic levodopa treatment, Mucuna pruriens cotyledon powder treatment significantly restores the endogenous levodopa (L-dopa), dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin content in the substantia nigra. This is attributed to the presence of nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and coenzyme Q-10 in the Mucuna pruriens cotyledon powder, which are shown to have a therapeutic benefit in Parkinson’s disease. Mucuna pruriens is a natural source of L-dopa, which has advantages over conventional L-dopa preparations in the long-term management of Parkinson’s disease. 7. Adaptogenic and antioxidant actions: Oxidative stress, or an impaired endogenous antioxidant mechanism, is an important factor that has been implicated in Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive deficits in the elderly. The withanaloids present in Withania somnifera provide rejuvenating action. Withania somnifera reduces lipid peroxidation, restores glutathione levels, increases superoxide dismutase and reduces oxidative stress, especially in mental fatigue. Bacosides present in Bacopa monnieri provide rejuvenating action due to their potent adaptogenic activity. Alpha-asarone, one of the active principles of Acorus calamus, acts against noise stress-induced changes due to its antioxidant property. Terminoside A present in Terminalia arjuna causes potent inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production and decrease in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages, thus proving its antioxidant activities. Ipomoea digitata is a novel and potent therapeutic agent for scavenging NO and regulating the pathological conditions caused by excessive generation of NO and its oxidation product, peroxynitrite. Tinospora cordifolia attenuates oxidative stress-mediated cell injury during oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), and exhibits strong free radical scavenging action against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species at both the cytosolic and gene expression level, and may be an effective therapeutic tool against ischemic brain damage. Syzygium aromaticum, Anethum sowa, Myristica fragrans, Embelia ribes, Zingiber officinale, Celastrus paniculatus, and Evolvulus alsinoides are noted potent antioxidants that protect the body from excessive generation of NO and its oxidation product. Mentat® [syrup, tablet, DS syrup (sugar-free)]
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