T h e r a p e u t i c I n d e x 124 hydroxide and reverse alveolar hemorrhage, interstitial pneumonitis, and hyperplastic changes in the bronchial epithelium. Achillea millefolium is known to suppress experimentally induced inflammatory responses, which is attributed to the synergistic action of its compounds. The compounds act as free radical scavengers, target nuclear factor (NF)-kB and p38 MAPK signaling, and further affect the activity of inflammation-related enzymes and products of inflammatory mediators. Zingiber officinale is observed to exert an anti-inflammatory effect by suppressing PG synthesis through inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and -2 and suppressing leukotriene biosynthesis by inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase. In addition, it also inhibits the induction of several genes encoding cytokines, chemokines, and the inducible enzyme COX-2 involved in the inflammatory response. 4. Anti-allergic action: Glycyrrhizin attenuates allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and airway constriction, and pulmonary inflammation. Zingiber officinale attenuates allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness, pulmonary inflammation characterized by edema and vascular congestion, and decreases IL-4 and IL-5 levels. 5. Antimicrobial action: Glycyrrhizin and the related compounds from Glycyrrhiza glabra possess antiviral property. They inhibit viral gene expression and replication, reduce adhesion force and stress, and inhibit HMGB1 binding to DNA. In addition, glycyrrhizin also enhances host cell activity (eg, by blocking the degradation of IκB and by activating T-lymphocyte proliferation), which may benefit in attenuating the virulence. Adhatoda vasica and Achillea millefolium have broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Koflet®-EX (linctus)
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