T h e r a p e u t i c I n d e x 119 4. Bronchodilatory action: Adhatoda vasica has a proven mild to moderate bronchodilatory effect that supports relaxation of the respiratory passage. Solanum xanthocarpum has bronchodilatory activity. 5. Anti-inflammatory action: Commiphora wightii, Vitis vinifera, Ocimum sanctum, Myristica fragrans, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and Cinnamomum cassia have strong anti-inflammatory action, which controls the inflammation associated with acute and chronic cough. Honey has well-known anti-inflammatory property. 6. Demulcent action: Honey is recommended by WHO for its soothing and demulcent actions, and is clinically proven superior to dextromethorphan. Glycyrrhiza glabra has antitussive and demulcent properties. Ocimum sanctum acts as a demulcent and expectorant due to its mucolytic activity. Vitis vinifera has demulcent and cooling effects, and hence, is used in cough, hoarseness of voice, and throat problems. 7. Antimicrobial action: Honey has potent antibacterial activity against upper respiratory tract pathogens. Ocimum sanctum and Adhatoda vasica have inhibitory effect on respiratory pathogens. Malabaricones B and C from Myristica fragrans have antibacterial activity. Glycyrrhiza glabra, Zingiber officinale (an ingredient of Trikatu), Embelia ribes, Cinnamomum cassia, and Malva sylvestris have antimicrobial activity against common respiratory pathogens. Glycyrrhiza glabra has specific antiviral property against influenza type A infection. 8. Antioxidant action: Cough has varied etiology, and oxidative stress has an important role in the etiopathology of respiratory tract diseases. Many mucolytic and antitussive drugs rely on their antioxidant potential to deliver therapeutic benefits. Honey, Ocimum sanctum, Myristica fragrans, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Triphala, and Cinnamomum cassia are potent antioxidant agents. Commiphora wightii, Vitis vinifera, Ocimum sanctum, Tinospora cordifolia, Embelia ribes, and Fagonia cretica have remarkable nitric oxide synthase-inhibitory activity. 9. Immunomodulatory action: Tinospora cordifolia improves the cell-mediated and humoral immune response. Glycyrrhiza glabra has immune-enhancing property. Ocimum sanctum increases immunity to infections. Commiphora wightii acts as an immunomodulator. Koflet® (syrup)
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