PERINATOLOGY • Vol 24 • No. 1 • May–Aug 2023 • 23 Original Article Kulkarni PP, et al. Assessment of Risk Factors of Intraventricular Hemorrhage Among Preterm Neonates or guardians. The risk factors of IVH were compared between the cases and the controls. A P value of < .05 was considered as statistically significant. The risk factors compared between the 2 groups were sex of the neonate, multiple pregnancy, mode of delivery, resuscitation at birth, maternal antenatal steroid use, gestational age and its association with IVH, and birth weight and its association with IVH. Results Among the 164 preterm neonates enrolled in the study, 30.5% (n = 50) of the neonates had IVH, and these were considered as cases, and 69.5% (n = 114) neonates who did not have IVH were considered as controls. Of the 164 preterm neonates, 91 were male and 73 were female neonates. Of the 91 male neonates, 38.5% (n = 35) had IVH, and of the 73 female neonates, 20.5% (n = 15) had IVH (Figure 1). The incidence of IVH is more common in male than female neonates, and this difference was statistically significant. Our study results show that the occurrence of IVH was high among neonates born to mothers who did not receive any antenatal steroids than those who received antenatal steroids, and the difference was statistically significant (Table 2). Table 2. Association Between Maternal Antenatal Steroid Use and the Incidence of IVH No. of Mothers Cases (n = 50), n (%) Controls (n = 114), n (%) Antenatal Steroids Received 83 16 (19.3) 67 (80.7) Antenatal Steroids Not Received 81 34 (41.9) 47 (58.1) P value < .05. IVH, intraventricular hemorrhage. As shown in Table 3, the incidence of IVH was higher in neonates born through preterm vaginal delivery than those born through lower segment cesarean section (LSCS). Table 3. Association Between the Mode of Delivery and the incidence of IVH Mode of Delivery No. of Deliveries Cases (n = 50), n (%) Controls (n = 114), n (%) Lower Segment Cesarean Section 28 5 (17.9) 23 (82.1) Preterm Vaginal Delivery 136 45 (33.1) 91 (66.9) P value < .05. IVH, intraventricular hemorrhage. Table 4 shows that IVH was more frequently seen in those neonates who received resuscitation at birth than who did not receive. Table 4. Association Between Neonatal Resuscitation at Birth and the Incidence of IVH Neonatal Resuscitation No. of Neonates Cases (n = 50), n (%) Controls (n = 114), n (%) Done 48 32 (66.7) 16 (33.3) Not Done 116 18 (15.5) 98 (84.5) P value < .05. IVH, intraventricular hemorrhage. Table 5 shows that when the gestational age is low, the chances of the neonates developing IVH was high, and these results were statistically significant. Figure 1. Association Between the Sex of the Neonates and the Incidence of IVH P value < .05. IVH, intraventricular hemorrhage. As shown in Table 1, IVH is more frequently observed in neonates born out of multiple pregnancy compared with those neonates born out of singleton pregnancy, and this difference was statistically significant. Table 1. Association Between Multiple Pregnancies and the Occurrence of IVH No. of Pregnancies Cases (n = 50), n (%) Controls (n = 114), n (%) Multiple Pregnancy 60 36 (60) 24 (40) Singleton Pregnancy 104 14 (13.5) 90 (86.5) P value < .05. IVH, intraventricular hemorrhage. 80 0 Male Female Cases Control 20 40 60 Incidence of IVH, %
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